Welcome !! Welcome !!"The mind is not a vessel to be filled but a fire to be kindled." Plutarch.
And I thoroughly enjoy struggling with Nature's challenges to us
humans who are trying to understand the most fundamental aspects
of the natural world. The 4-D sphere in the image above plays a
key role in my research into the nature of leptons and quarks, the
fundamental particles of Nature. Below, I tell you about some of
the physics research I am doing.
Leptons and Quarks
I spent much of the last thirty years working on a project which I created for myself: to understand what underlying mechanisms are responsible for the leptons and the quarks that comprise all things around us.
I think that I have successfully answered the challenge by connecting the quarks to the symmetries of the regular polytopes in a real 4-D space and the leptons to the symmetries of the regular polyhedrons in the 3-D subspace. This approach uses the Standard Model and enlists the finite rotational subgroups of its Lie group.
*** In 2012 the acid test of the ideas may be achievable because the LHC collider at CERN will be able to produce many times the number of collisions per second than before at Fermilab, and I would expect dozens of FCNC b' quark decays into b + gamma and b + gluon to make their appearance. In 2010 and 2011 there were some indications of two jets being produced with a total energy around 120 - 150 GeV, which may be b' quarks, or it may be the Higgs particle. No definitive statements can be made yet.
Some important predictions of this modification of the Standard Model(SM) are:
Leptons and quarks are related through the finite rotational symmetry groups in the 3-D and 4-D real spaces that are part of the 2-D complex space called the unitary plane. The unitary plane is the only space mentioned explicitly in the SM, and the reduction of its Lie Group SU(3)C x SU(2)L x U(1)Y to the finite rotational groups is contrary to expectations.
4 quark families and 3 lepton families are predicted, with the the particles no longer considered to be point particles. Hence reduced concern over anomaly cancellations which would require equals numbers of families.
A b' quark at 80 GeV and a t' quark at 2600 GeV should exist, both members of the 4th quark family. This b' quark at 80 GeV is the acid test for my modification, and I expect it to show up at the colliders soon. One problems is their longer lifetime than normal because of the FCNC type of decay, so most may escape the detector.
Neutrinos and antineutrinos are distinct particle states. At least one neutrino has a mass > 0 eV in order to solve the solar neutrino problem. By taking linear superposition states, neutrinos can have a non-zero mass.
No Higgs boson is required. The actual symmetry groups are finite rotational groups, so one does not need to introduce the artificial Higgs mechanism because the symmetry breaks to these discrete groups, i.e. also the source of electroweak symmetry breaking. I.e., the Standard Model gauge group is an excellent approximation to these finite rotational groups for the different families.
Quark states are defined in a 4-D real space while lepton
states are defined in the 3-D subspace. This spatial
demarcation distinguishes leptons from quarks and may be the
origin of baryon number. Quark confinement follows also
because they are 4-D states that cannot exist in 3-D space.
All mass ratios arise from the numerical invariants of the symmetry groups of the polytopes and polyhedrons. The invariants are related to the absolute invariant J of elliptic functions, so any Hamiltonian must incorporate the symmetries of the appropriate elliptic functions for each finite rotational group. Linear superposition of the two degenerate states in each finite rotational group leads to the two physical states in each family.
Left-handedness and parity violation are dictated by the mathematical properties of the general rotation in the unitary plane whenever a W or Z boson acts. There is no choice here, and all left-right symmetric approaches are eliminated. Also, two particle states per family are required, eliminating approaches with one additional particle state.
The three color charges for quarks represent the three pairs of rotation planes for a true 4-D rotation. If correct, lepton states must exist in the 3-D subspace as proposed, so they do not have color charge. One can also define all meson and baryon states in the 3-D subspace formed mathematically by intersecting 4-D entities.
No more leptons or quarks will appear beyond the four quark families and three lepton families predicted here. No more finite rotational groups are available in the 3-D and 4-D subspaces of the unitary plane. In fact, leptons, quarks and the interaction bosons may be the only fundamental particles!
These fundamental particles and all fundamental physics rules are dictated by the Fischer-Greiss Monster Group. The details are outlined in my 2011 paper titled "Our Mathematical Universe: I. How the Monster Group Dictates All of Physics" in the online journal Progress in Physics: Our Mathematical Universe: I. How the Monster Group Dictates All of Physics.
The particles of the Standard Model and their interactions are encoded by information theory There are 72 fundamental particle states - 30 lepton and quark states (6 leptons and 8 x 3 colors of quarks = 30) plus 30 antiparticle states plus 12 interaction bosons - for a grand total of 72 particles. There are exactly 72 available Golay-24 code words.
For more information, please read my original paper .
"Geometrical Basis for the Standard Model" .
International Journal of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 33 (1994), pp.
279-305,
which is available at Geometrical Basis for
the Standard Model.
Connection to Superstrings in a discrete spacetime:
A recent (2005) follow-up paper Leptons and Quarks in a Discrete Spacetime as well as a published article (2006) Unification of Interactions in Discrete Spacetime are now available (in PDF format) that show how to combine the finite subgroups of the Standard Model from the original paper above with finite subgroups of the Lorentz group SO(3,1) to form Weyl E8 x Weyl E8, a finite subgroup of SO(9,1) in discrete 10-D spacetime, unifying all the fundamental interactions. Its relationship to a discrete PSL(2,O) and to the continuous group E8 x E8 of superstrings and M-theory is discussed. Consequently, spacetime is discrete, and there can be only one universe and one set of physical constants because the result is unique. The discovery of the b' quark decaying to a b quark and an energetic photon at the LHC is the definitive experiment.
A short 2-minute Quicktime summary (2007) of several of the key concepts is available to whet your appetite at Let's Fix String Theory!. The video provides the "big picture" of how the unification of the fundamental interactions in discrete spacetime occurs in a unique way, leaving "no choice in the creation of the world".
Presentation slides in pdf format for my talk at the DISCRETE '08 Conference (2008) in Valencia, Spain with numerous images to help in conceptual understanding of the advantages to having finite rotation groups for the leptons and quarks, plus the unification in 4-D discrete space and 10-D discrete spacetime. Finite Rotation Group approach.
The details of connections to the Monster group and to coding theory are outlined in my 2011 paper titled "Our Mathematical Universe: I. How the Monster Group Dictates All of Physics" in the online journal Progress in Physics: Our Mathematical Universe: I. How the Monster Group Dictates All of Physics.
Quantum Celestial Mechanics(QCM)
With general relativity physicist
Howard Preston (deceased 2011), in 2003 we have posted a paper at
the archive which has a new approach to understanding the states
of gravitationally bound systems such as solar systems, galaxies,
and the Universe. By knowing only the total mass and the total
angular momentum of the system, all its quantization states are
known. Predictions include angular momentum quantization states
for orbiting bodies of mass M and angular momentum L obeying
L/M = m LT/MT
where m is an integer, MT is the
total mass of the gravitationally bound system, and LT is the
total angular momentum of the system.
Several of our recent papers are online: Pluto Moons exhibit Orbital Angular Momentum Quantization per Mass shows that the known 5 moons of Pluto obey the QCM predictions;
Galaxy S-Stars exhibit Orbital Angular Momentum Quantization per Unit Mass shows that the innermost 27 well-measured S-stars of our Galaxy (Milky Way) obey QCM predictions even though they have seemingly random orbital planes.
Kepler-16
Circumbinary System Validates Quantum Celestial Mechanics
shows how this angular momentum quantization condition produces m
= 10 to within 1% for the
only system found so far for which the pertinent values are known
to within 1%. The Kepler-34 and Kepler-35 systems have 4%
uncertainties in values and they produce m = 9 and m = 4,
respectively. The acid test for QCM would appear to be finding
another planet orbiting Kepler-16 and calculating its quantization
integer.
QCM has a wave equation which, in the Schwarzschild metric,
predicts quantization states that agree extremely well with the
actual states of the Solar System, the Galaxy (without requiring
dark matter!), and clusters of galaxies. With the interior metric,
QCM predicts that the redshifts of supernovae SNe1a are actually
gravitational redshifts and are not due to space expansion. In
other words, we have discovered a repulsive gravitational effect
that helps keep planets in quantized orbits, the stars revolving
around the galactic center in quantization states, and the
Universe in a static equilibrium. More details can be perused in
these papers:
Gravitational Lensing by Galaxy Quantization States (2004)
Quantization State of Baryonic Mass in Clusters of Galaxies (2007)
Cosmological Redshift Interpreted as Gravitational Redshift (2007)
Other physics research:
I am continuing to think about
the origin of time and the reason for the obvious
particle-antiparticle asymmetry in the universe. My present
conjecture is that time is important for leptons and hadrons,
which are 3-D entities in my geometric approach above, and
that quarks do not experience time because they are 4-D
entities – the 4th dimension being needed for time.
The singular direction of time is probably associated with the
general transformation in the complex 2-D space in which we
all live!
Professor Joseph Weber (deceased) had some great ideas about neutrino detection techniques that continue to fascinate me. If neutrino total cross-sections can be increased by his factor of about 10^24, wow!
Weber bars used for gravitational wave detectors certainly have an interesting history. With two independent nearly identical Weber bars placed far apart Weber claims that they responded in almost identical fashion to the Supernova 1987A event. If his ideas about their quantum mechanical responses are correct, then these bars detected gravitational waves. Perhaps we'll know more in the near future.
I also find that the 1994 x-ray laser claims by K. DasGupta for a Ni K-alpha laser at 1.658 Angstroms should be checked out thoroughly. Something amazing is happening!
If you would like to discuss any of these ideas with me and your age is between 8 and 80, my e-mail address is given below.