MARTINDALE'S THE REFERENCE DESK TIME, SI UNITS, PHYSICAL CONSTANTS, FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES

---

US/Pacific: Sunday, October 24, 2004 Sydney, Australia: Monday, October 25, 2004 File Download Time Calculator Author, E-Mail, Privacy Policy & Disclaimer

Time Overview Time Measurement & Frequency Standards (Femtosecond, Attosecond, Zeptosecond Cesium Fountain Clock, etc) Time Measurement - Geological Scale Time Services & GPS International System of Units (SI) Physical Constants Uncertainty ~ Fundamental Particles

Time Overview THE HISTORY OF FREQUENCY CONTROL & MODERN TIME KEEPING - Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrcs & Frequency Control (UFFC) Multimedia Tutorials (Text & Images). For more information see Frequency Control or UFFC Some examples of tutorials include The Evolution of the Quartz Crystal Clock - W.A. Marrison History of Atomic Frequency Standards - A.O. McCoubrey A WALK THROUGH TIME - National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Multimedia Tutorials (Text and Images). Includes: Ancient Calendars; Earliest Clocks; A Revolution in Timekeeping; The "Atomic" Age of Time Standards; World Time Zones; and NIST Time and Frequency Services. For more information see NIST Physics Laboratory Physics Laboratory or the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) THE SEVEN-DAY WEEK - E. Stephan, Department of Sociology, Western Washington University Multimedia Tutorials (Text & Images). "Origin of the seven day week" For more information see Ed Stephan's Home Page Time Measurement & Frequency Standards TIME AND FREQUENCY GLOSSARY - Time & Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards (NIST) Multimedia Glossary (Text & Images) For more information see Time & Frequency Division or the National Institute of Standards and Technology TIME & FREQUENCY STANDARDS & RESEARCH - Time and Frequency Division 847, Physics Laboratory, NIST Multimedia Databases, Tutorials, Publisctions (Text & Images). Research includes: Optical frequency measurements (Compact atomic clocks; Diode laser technology; Femtosecond-laser-based clockworks; Calcium optical frequency standards; Optical frequency chains, etc..); Ion Storage (Ion frequency standards; Penning traps and non-neutral plasmas & Quantum logic and coherent control); etc. FREQUENCY CONTROL TUTORIALS - J.R. Vig, Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrcs & Frequency Control (UFFC) Multimedia Tutorials (Text & Images). For more information see Frequency Control or UFFC Some examples of tutorials include Introduction to Quartz Frequency Standards - J.R. Vig Acoustics and Vibration Animations - D. Russell PROPERTIES OF OSCILLATOR SIGNALS AND MEASUREMENT METHODS - D.A. Howe, D.W. Allan, & J.A. Barnes, Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology For more information see Properties of Oscillator Signals and Measurement Methods Home Page; D Time & Frequency Division or the National Institute of Standards and Technology ATOMIC METROLOGY Cesium Fountain Clock CESIUM FOUNTAIN CLOCK - NIST-F1 - Time & Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards (NIST) For more information see Time & Frequency Division or the National Institute of Standards and Technology World's Smallest Atomic Clock CHIP SCALE VAPOR CELL ATOMIC CLOCKS AT NIST - Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology Multimedia Tutorials (Text & Images). For more information see Time & Frequency Division or the National Institute of Standards and Technology A MICROFABRICATED ATOMIC CLOCK (8/30/04) - Svenja Knappe, Vishal Shah, Peter D. D. Schwindt, Leo Hollberg, and John Kitching, Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder & Li-Anne Liew and John Moreland, Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder For more information see Time & Frequency Division or the National Institute of Standards and Technology FEMTOSECOND (10 -15 SECONDS) METROLOGY FEMTOSECOND METROLOGY - Femtosecond Research Centre (FRC), Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K. Multimedia Tutorials (Text & Images). Click on Research. Currently includes: Ultrafast electron-transfer in TCNE-pyrne; The role of coherence in chemical reactions and much more. ATTOSECOND (10 -18 SECONDS) METROLOGY THE FASTEST STOPWATCH IN THE WORLD (ORIGINAL PAPER: ATOMIC TRANSIENT RECORDER, NATURE 427, 26 FEBRUARY 2004) - Ferenc Krausz, et al., Laboratory of Attosecond and High-Field Physics, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Max Planck Institute, Germany and the Institute for Photonics, Vienna University of Technology, Austria; and published by the Max Planck Society, Press Release, Max Planck Institute Multimedia Tutorials & Publications (Text & Images). "... capable of measuring the duration of atomic processes with an accuracy of less than 100 attoseconds..." For more information see the Institute for Photonics; Ferenc Krausz, Laboratory of Attosecond and High-Field Physics or the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics ATTOSECOND PULSE GENERATION AND DETECTION - MPQ Laser Plasma Group, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Germany Multimedia Tutorials & Publications (Text & Images). For more information see Research or the MPQ Laser Plasma Group ATTOSECOND METROLOGY AND SPECTROSCOPY - F. Krausz, T. Brabec, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, N. Milosevic, G. Reider, C. Spielmann, M. Uiberacker, Photonics Institute, Technical University of Vienna, Austria Click on Research - "...first ever isolated attosecond pulses..." For more information see the Institute for Photonics TIME-RESOLVED PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY USING ULTRASHORT EUV PULSES - U. Heinzmann, Molekül-und Oberflächenphysik, Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Germany For more information see Molekül-und Oberflächenphysik ZEPTOSECOND (10 -21 SECONDS) METROLOGY LASETRON: A PROPOSED SOURCE OF POWERFUL NUCLEAR-TIME-SCALE ELECTROMAGNETIC BURSTS - A. E. Kaplan & P. L. Shkolnikov, Physical Review Letters, 88, 074801, (2002) "Electromagnetic bursts of substantial energy on a nuclear time scale of 10 -21 - 10 -22 s [zeptosecond (zs) to sub-zs] can theoretically be generated by a perawatt or multiterawatt laser beam..." Alexander E. Kaplan's Home Page Time Measurement - Geological Scale GEOCHRONOLOGY (4.03 BILLION YEARS TO PRESENT) - Central Division, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Multimedia Tutorials (Text & Images). "A wide variety of geochronological tools or methods can be employed to estimate quantitative and qualitative dating of rocks and sediments..." For more information see Geochronology, Geochemistry, and Tracer Studies; Scientific Capabilities or the Central Division, USGS Some examples include U-Pb System Techniques Fission Tracks Technique Thermoluminescence Technique GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE (544 MILLION YEARS AGO TO PRESENT) - Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington, U.S. Geological Survey Multimedia Tutorials (Text, Images & Movies). For more information see Glossary of Hazards, Features, Phenomena, Processes, Events, Topics, & Terminology or the Cascades Volcano Observatory GEOLOGICAL TIME MACHINE (544 MILLION YEARS AGO TO PRESENT) - University of California, Berkeley For more information see the University of California Museum of Paleontology or Museum Informatics Projects CHRONOLOGICAL METHODS - G.H. Michaels & B.M. Fagan, ArchServe, University of California at Santa Barbara Multimedia Tutorials (Text, Images & Movies). For more information see Anthropology 3 or ArchServe Some examples of Tutorials with Movies include Cross-Dating Potassium-Argon Dating Radiocarbon Dating Obsidian Hydration Dating AMINO ACID GEOCHRONOLOGY (AMINO ACID RACEMIZATION) - Amino Acid Geochronology Laboratory, Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts Multimedia Tutorials (Text & Images). For more information see the Amino Acid Geochronology Laboratory GEOMAGNETIC POLARITY TIME SCALE (GPTS) - Schlumberger Limited Multimedia Tutorial (Text & Images). For more information see the Oilfield Glossary; Oilfield Services; Schlumberger Limited RADIOCARBON DATING - Author: T. Higham, Radiocarbon Dating Lab., University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand Multimedia Tutorials (Text & Images). Includes: Basis of the Method; Applications; Sample Submission; Pretreatment; Measurement Methods; Date Calculation; Corrections of C14 Dates; Calibration and much more. For more information see University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand ZIRCONS ARE FOR EVER - Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin Multimedia Tutorials (Text & Images). For more information see the Department of Geology and Geophysics Time Services & GPS GLOBAL GPS TIME SERIES - M. Heflin, JPL, NASA "Daily position estimates are determined from satellite signals which are recorded by GPS receivers on the ground. Data from a global receiver network were collected by the International GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS) and analyzed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory." NETWORK TIME SERVICE - Time & Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards (NIST) "The NIST Network Time Service allows users to synchronize computer clocks via the Internet." For more information see Time & Frequency Division, NIST or the National Institute of Standards and Technology TIME & FREQUENCY DIVISION - Time and Frequency Division 847, Physics Laboratory, NIST "...maintains the standard for frequency and time interval for the United States,..." TIME SERVICE DIVISION - U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington D.C. Multimedia (Text & Images). For more information see the U.S. Naval Observatory

SI Units INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) - Physics Laboratory, National Institute of Standards VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, & Uncertainty; Physical Reference Data or the Physics Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology Some examples include SI base Units SI prefixes Units outside the SI Physical Constants FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS: CODATA INTERNATIONALLY RECOMMENDED VALUES - Physics Laboratory, National Institute of Standards " VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. This document gives the values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry resulting from the 1986 least-squares adjustment of the fundamental physical constants as published by the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants and as recommended for international use by CODATA". For more information see The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, & Uncertainty; Physical Reference Data or the Physics Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology REVIEW OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES - Particle Data Group, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) Multimedia Databases: Includes: Summary Tables: Reviews, Tables & Plots; Particle Listings; etc. For more information see the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) Uncertainty GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING AND EXPRESSING THE UNCERTAINTY OF NIST MEASUREMENTS - Physics Laboratory, National Institute of Standards (NIST) VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, & Uncertainty; Physical Reference Data or the Physics Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology

Fundamental Particles THE PARTICLE ADVENTURE Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) and the Particle Data Group, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL). Multimedia Tutorial (Text & Images). For more information see the Particle Data Group, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) or Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) FUSION PHYSICS OF A FUNDAMENTAL ENERGY SOURCE Created by the Fusion Group of the Contemporary Physics Education Project, Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPL). Multimedia Tutorial (Text & Images). For more information see the Fusion Group, Contemporary Physics Education Project; FusEdWeb: Fusion Energy Educational Web Site or Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory STANDARD MODEL OF FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES AND INTERACTIONS Also Includes: Structure within an Atom; Fermions; Bosons; Baryons; Four Interactions; Mesons; Neutron Beta Decay; Virtual Z; Hadron Events; Residual Strong and Antimatter. For more information see the The Particle Adventure

Home Page

---

E-Mail Jim Martindale
Copyright © 1994-2004, All Rights Reserved, Jim Martindale

---